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Isan language
Isan is a group of Lao dialects spoken in the northern two-thirds of northeastern Thailand, also known as the ''Isan'' region, as well as in adjacent portions of northern and eastern Thailand. It is the native language of the Lao people, known as "Isan" in Thailand, spoken by 20 million or so people in Thailand,〔 a third of the population of Thailand and 80% of all Lao speakers. The language remains the primary language in 88% of households in Isan.〔 It is commonly used as a second, third, or even fourth language by the region's other linguistic minorities, such as Northern Khmer, Khorat Thai, Kuy, Nyah Kur and other Tai or Austronesian-speaking peoples. The Isan language has unofficial status in Thailand and can be differentiated as a whole from the Lao language of Laos by the increasing use of Thai grammar, vocabulary and neologisms.〔Simpson, A. & Thammasathien, N. (2007). "Thailand and Laos", Simpson, A. (ed.) in ''Language and National Identity in Asia''. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. (p. 401).〕 Code-switching is common, depending on the context or situation. Adoption of Thai neologisms has also further differentiated Isan from standard Lao.〔Chanthao, R. (2002). ''Code-mixing between Central Thai and Northeastern Thai of the Students in Khon Kaen Province''. Bangkok: Mahidol University.〕
==History==
The Tai languages originated in central and southern China in an area stretching from Yunnan to Guangdong as well as Hainan and adjacent regions of northern Vietnam. Tai speakers arrived in South-East Asia around 1000 CE, displacing or absorbing earlier peoples and setting up mueang (city-states) on the peripheries of the Indianised kingdoms of the Mon and Khmer people. The Tai kingdoms of the Mekong Valley became tributaries of the Lan Xang mandala (Isan: ล้านซ้าง, RSTG: ''lan chang'', Lao: ລ້ານຊ້າງ, BGCN: ''lan xang'', ) from 1354-1707. Influences on the Isan language include Sanskrit and Pali terms for Indian cultural, religious, scientific and literary terms as well as the adoption of the Pallava alphabet as well as Austronesian influences to the vocabulary.
Lan Xang split into the of Kingdom of Vientiane, the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang and the Kingdom of Champasak, but these became vassals of the Thai state. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, several deportations of Lao peoples from the densely populated western bank of the Mekong to the hinterlands of Isan were undertaken by the Thai armies, especially after the revolt of Anouvong in 1828, when Vientiane was looted and depopulated. This weakened the Lao kingdoms as the population was shifted to the kingdoms in Isan and small pockets of western and north-central Thailand, under greater Thai control.〔Stuart-Fox, M. (1997). ''A History of Laos''. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 1-20).〕〔Burusphat, S., Deepadung, S., & Suraratdecha, S. ''et al''. (2011). (Language vitality and the ethnic tourism development of the Lao ethnic groups in the western region of Thailand ). ''Journal of Lao Studies'', 2(2), 23-46.〕
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